Florida Keys’ Ecosystem at Risk as Extreme Heat Takes Hold

Florida Keys’ Ecosystem at Risk as Extreme Heat Takes Hold

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In July, an unprecedented marine heat wave affected the Florida Keys, causing coral bleaching in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), home to the largest coral barrier reef in the continental United States. Scientists are concerned about the potential harm to the entire ecosystem, as high temperatures are expected to persist until October.

The Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea experienced sea temperatures up to 3.5°F warmer than usual, according to a fact sheet from Mission: Iconic Reefs (MIR). South Florida saw a record-breaking temperature of 95°F, the highest since recording began. Some water temperature buoys recorded triple-digit temperatures, with one reaching 101.19°F. Climate scientists attribute these extreme temperatures to the warming caused by human activity over the past 150 years.

Coral bleaching occurs when coral colonies expel their symbiotic algae, causing the corals to appear white or “bleached.” Even a small rise in temperature can trigger coral bleaching. This year, bleaching occurred earlier than usual and affected wild and restored corals in the Florida Keys. The Coral Restoration Foundation reported the complete loss of restored corals on Sombrero Reef and the majority of corals in their Looe Key Nursery.

The heatwave also led to hypoxic water conditions, with low oxygen levels in many areas. Warm water holds less oxygen, creating “dead zones” where life cannot be sustained. The hot water also encourages the growth of algae, depleting oxygen levels further. Other marine species, including fish, seagrasses, and sponges, have shown signs of heat stress and suffocation.

The impact of the heatwave on the ecosystem is devastating, potentially leading to the erosion of the coral reef habitat in the Florida Keys. This would result in the loss of essential ecosystem services, such as storm protection, tourism, and biodiversity. Scientists are unsure of the long-term effects of this heatwave and are concerned about what the future holds for the marine ecosystem.

The heatwave is expected to continue until October, with a 70-80% chance of extreme ocean temperatures persisting. The El Niño phenomenon will also contribute to the continued heat. If the heatwave leads to coral and sponge mortality, it could have significant consequences for the Florida Keys’ habitats and ecosystems.

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